| Non-Rationalised Civics / Political Science NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Class 6th Civics NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)
1. Understanding Diversity
This chapter introduces the concept of **diversity**, explaining that it means variety or difference. It highlights the diversity in India based on aspects like languages spoken (hundreds of regional languages), different religions practised, cultural practices, festivals celebrated, and geographical variations across the country. The chapter discusses how living in a diverse society enriches our lives by exposing us to different perspectives and ways of life. Understanding diversity is the first step towards appreciating India's unique social fabric and promoting harmony despite differences.
2. Diversity And Discrimination
This chapter explores how **diversity**, while enriching, can also lead to **discrimination** and inequality. It discusses the difference between prejudice (forming opinions without knowledge) and discrimination (treating someone unfairly based on stereotypes or prejudices). The chapter explains how social inequalities, particularly the historical **caste system** in India, have led to discrimination against certain groups like Dalits. It highlights how factors like poverty, religion, and gender can contribute to discrimination and the challenges faced by marginalized groups, emphasizing the need to address such injustices in society.
3. What Is Government?
This chapter introduces the concept of **Government**, the body responsible for making decisions and running a country or region. It explains why governments are necessary – to maintain order, protect citizens, provide public services (like roads, schools, hospitals), and ensure welfare. Different levels of government (local, state, national) are discussed. The chapter also introduces different **forms of government**, such as monarchy (rule by a king/queen) and democracy (rule by the people or their elected representatives), highlighting the basic structure and purpose of governance in a society.
4. Key Elements Of A Democratic Government
This chapter discusses the fundamental **key elements** that define a **democratic government**. It emphasizes the crucial role of **people's participation** through voting in elections to choose representatives and hold them accountable. The chapter highlights the importance of **resolving conflicts** peacefully within the democratic framework. It also stresses the principles of **equality** (treating all citizens equally before the law) and **justice** (ensuring fairness and addressing historical inequalities) as essential pillars for the successful functioning of a democracy like India, ensuring dignity and fairness for all.
5. Panchayati Raj
This chapter focuses on **Panchayati Raj**, the system of **local self-government in rural areas** of India. It explains the three tiers of this system: the **Gram Panchayat** (village level), Block Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level). The **Gram Sabha** (village assembly of all adult villagers) is introduced as the body that supervises the Gram Panchayat. The chapter discusses the functions of the Gram Panchayat, such as village development, sanitation, and providing basic facilities. It highlights how Panchayati Raj enables direct participation of people in local governance, a foundation of democracy in rural India.
6. Rural Administration
This chapter explores the details of **administration in rural areas** of India. It discusses the roles of various government officials involved in rural administration, such as the **Patwari** (maintaining land records and collecting land revenue), the Tehsildar, and the **District Collector** (overall in charge of the district). The chapter explains how land records are maintained and how disputes related to land and other local issues are addressed by these administrative structures. Understanding rural administration provides insight into how law and order, land management, and basic services are handled at the village level.
7. Urban Administration
This chapter focuses on **administration in urban areas** (towns and cities) of India. It discusses the different types of urban local bodies, such as the **Municipality** (for smaller urban areas) and the **Municipal Corporation** (for larger cities). The chapter explains their key functions, which include providing and maintaining essential civic amenities like water supply, sanitation, waste management, roads, street lights, schools, and hospitals. It also touches upon how these urban bodies generate income through taxes ($\textsf{₹}$) and manage the complex task of governing urban populations and infrastructure in India.
8. Rural Livelihoods
This chapter explores the various ways people in **rural areas** of India earn a living ($\textsf{₹}$). It highlights that **agriculture** (farming) is the primary source of livelihood for a majority of the rural population, including farmers (with varying land sizes) and landless labourers. The chapter also discusses other **rural livelihoods** such as fishing, forestry, animal husbandry, and engaging in small businesses or crafts. It examines the challenges faced by rural workers, such as dependence on monsoon, debt, and lack of alternative employment opportunities, showcasing the economic diversity and struggles in rural India.
9. Urban Livelihoods
This chapter explores the diverse ways people in **urban areas** of India earn a living ($\textsf{₹}$). It discusses the wide range of occupations available in cities, from working on the streets (e.g., street vendors, rickshaw pullers) to working in markets, factories, offices, and providing various services (professionals like doctors, teachers). The chapter highlights the difference between regular, secured jobs (in the organised sector) and irregular, low-wage jobs (in the unorganised sector). It showcases the opportunities and challenges faced by urban workers, including competition, lack of job security, and living conditions, illustrating the varied economic activities and lives in urban India.